Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes.is a condition in which a person
has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or
because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood sugar
produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased
thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).
There are three main types of diabetes:
* Type 1 diabetes: results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin.
* Type 2 diabetes: results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency.
* Gestational diabetes: is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. It may precede development of type 2 DM.
Other forms of diabetes mellitus include congenital diabetes, which is due to genetic
defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced
by high doses of glucocorticoids, and several forms of monogenic diabetes.
All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin became available in 1921, and
type 2 diabetes may be controlled with medications. Both type 1 and 2 are chronic
conditions that usually cannot be cured. Pancreas transplants have been tried with
limited success in type 1 DM; gastric bypass surgery has been successful in many with
morbid obesity and type 2 DM. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after delivery.
Diabetes without proper treatments can cause many complications. Acute complications
include hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Serious
long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, retinal
damage. Adequate treatment of diabetes is thus important, as well as blood pressure
control and lifestyle factors such as smoking cessation and maintaining a healthy body
weight.
As of 2000 at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the
population.[2] Type 2 diabetes is by far the most common, affecting 90 to 95% of the
U.S. diabetes population
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